NASA deep space image taken by the Hubble telescope
Two separate investigations have come to light in recent days could actually change much of what we know, or think we know, the universe in which we live. The first, signed by Britain's Roger Penrose, one of the most brilliant physicists of our time, challenges the widespread idea that there can be no "before" the Big Bang, as the same space and time were created, like the subject, for that great primeval explosion. Penrose, in fact, claims to have found evidence of another universe before the present. Which would make ours in a single stage (which Penrose calls "Aeon") of a universe created and destroyed in cycles, each time re-emerging from its own ashes with a new Big Bang.
The second study, published in Nature and conducted by Christian Marinoni and Adeline Buzzi, two physicists at the University of Provence, France, relocates to the fore the theory of the universe flat, and located in an old idea of \u200b\u200bAlbert Einstein , rejected by German physicist wrong to consider a possible "key" to understanding dark energy, the mysterious antigravity force that seems to be responsible for the expansion of the universe is accelerating. If both theories prove correct, could trigger a new revolution in cosmology, and to overturn our understanding of the world around us.
According to the currently dominant theory, the universe we live originated 13,700 million years ago from a single point of infinite density, which came in the form of Big Bang, the reality we know. During his first moments of existence, the universe was an ardent soup of free particles (not associated in atoms), thousands of millions of degrees of temperature (conditions, by the way, just to be reproduced successfully in the LHC, the great particle accelerator 27 miles in diameter that is in the French-Swiss border) and rapid expansion. By going the universe expanding, and thus cooling the particles could lead to the first simple atoms (hydrogen), that long after gravity is responsible for uniting to form the first stars and galaxies. Our final destination
How it all began? And how did it evolve? Science has never closer responses now. However, there remain many outstanding issues, and researchers carefully explore any possibility, crazy enough, you can make a piece to the puzzle. One of the most pressing issues is to figure out why the original expansion pace not only has not slowed down since the Big Bang, but is still accelerating.
decades has been discussing what the ultimate fate of the universe. To reach the conclusion that this is something that depends largely on the amount of mass it contains. If the total mass of the universe is sufficient for the force of gravity (which is higher the more mass there) vanquish the original force of expansion, then the universe will eventually stop, and even begin a process of contraction that could lead to a collapse (in contrast to the Big Bang event that cosmologists call the Big Crunch). But if the total mass is not enough, then nothing can stop the expansion, and the universe will become bigger, with more and more dispersed matter to end up being a big black emptiness when you turn up the last of the stars.
In an effort to measure the total mass of the universe, but science has met with several surprises. The first is that ordinary matter, which shines and how galaxies, stars and planets, is just 4% of the total mass of the universe, totally inadequate to halt the expansion. Another 22% are "other" subject, one that can not be detected directly by our instruments because it emits no light or any other kind of radiation. It is known as "dark matter" because of it. We know it's there (for the gravitational effects it has on ordinary matter), but nobody has ever seen her.
And the remaining 76%? The scientists, unable to give an answer, go to the term "dark energy", a mysterious force, acting in the opposite direction of gravity, would be responsible for the universal expansion rate will continue to accelerate.
rebound from another universe
And this is precisely where they fit the two investigations made public this week. Penrose, meanwhile, analyzing data from the WMAP satellite (which measures the microwave radiation that permeates the entire universe, the hot embers of the Big Bang), has found a number of distribution patterns (in the form of concentric circles) that could be explained as "hints" of other universes that occurred before the Big Bang. That would mean that the universe we know is just a phase, or bounce a much older universe that grows and shrinks in cycles, rising and over multiple Big Bang. We would be in the midst of one of those stages or "eons". But in the distant future, the universe will, somehow, to have the conditions that made the Big Bang. According to the British physicist, at the time the geometry of the universe will be "very smooth" and linear.
Something that is extremely consistent with the second of the studies published this week. Indeed, Buzzi Marinoni and have failed to demonstrate, by measuring the distortion of light coming from 500 pairs of distant galaxies, we live in a flat universe, not in a curved or spherical, as many think. If both are right, we could be about to reveal some of the fundamental issues that humanity has been raising the man he first looked up at the night sky and wondered what he was seeing.
Spherical ", curved or flat?
What exactly is the geometry of the universe? Do we live in a kind of multi-dimensional area or is it rather a spacetime fabric that curves gently and without ever closing on itself? Or maybe even do not bend at all and actually dwell in a flat universe? The question, one of the biggest questions of cosmology, is for us very concrete implications that go far than simple theoretical issues. In fact, the geometry of the universe has a decisive in the objects we observe.
In a curved or spherical, the light coming from distant stars, galaxies or deforms during its long journey, so that the image you see does not correspond to reality but is distorted. It would, to some extent, like look at us on the surface of a metal ball and see your face completely deformed. In a flat space, however, the distortion disappears and allows us to examine celestial objects as they are.
So Buzzi Marinoni and decided to look for evidence of these distortions observing 500 couples of distant galaxies in orbit around each other. Using the magnitudes of the observed distortions, Marinoni and Buzzi were plotting the way for the space-time fabric. One way, as have been determined, raises the possibility that we live in a flat universe.
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